Construct overview

In addition to the overview below, there are overviews containing only the construct definitions or the instructions for developing measurement instruments (for empirical research), coding measurement instruments (for systematic reviews), and for eliciting construct content, and coding qualitative data (both for qualitative research).

Construct label	Construct definition	Developing measurement instruments	Coding measurement instruments	Eliciting qualitative data	Coding qualitative data	Unique construct identifier (UCID)
Behavior	Definition for Behavior × The target behaviour is the behaviour to explain using determinants. A behaviour is defined as individual human activity that involves co-ordinated contraction of striated muscles controlled by the brain. Note that this also includes the lack of such co-ordinated contraction. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️behavior_73dnt605	Instructions for developing measurement instruments for Behavior × Depending on the nature of the target behavior, engagement in that behavior can be conceived as binary (i.e. one either does or does not engage in the target behavior, e.g. getting tested for STIs every six months), a matter of frequency (i.e. one engages in the target behavior with a frequency from zero up to a given feasible maximum frequency in a given timespan, e.g. the frequency with which one washes their hands conform the guidelines), a matter of intensity (i.e. one engages in the target behavior to a degree from zero up to a given feasible maximum intensity, e.g. the amount of kilocalories one consumed in a meal), or a combination of these (i.e. one engages in the target behavior with a given frequency and with a given intensity, e.g. how frequently one drinks alcohol, and how many grams of alcohol one consumes when one does). Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️behavior_73dnt605	Instructions for coding existing measurement instruments for Behavior × Ideally, the target behaviour is described unequivocally and consistent in the questions and instructions for participants, and in publications resulting from the research. Moreover, the target behaviour should be described as specific as possible, i.e. specifying action, target, context, and time - and address the level of generality of the behaviour. Diverging and/or ambiguous formulations of the target behaviour confound and limit the applicability of study results. For example 'exercising for at least 20 minutes, three times per week, for the next 3 months' could be a viable target behaviour. However, the definition of 'exercising' should specified, as participants be may have different views of what comprises 'exercising'. When a target behaviour is not sufficiently defined, or when various definitions are used, this has to be taken into account when assessing the quality of the study. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️behavior_73dnt605	Instructions for eliciting construct content for Behavior × Conduct a qualitative study where participants are individually interviewed in a free-response format, and the interviews are either recorded and transcribed, or notes are kept. These sources are then coded using the instruction for aspect coding. In this qualitative study, ask participants for their performance of the target behaviour. The target behaviour should be described unequivocally and consistent, addressing action, target, context, time, and level of generality. As an introduction to the question a definition of the target behaviour can be provided. An example can be: 'Our definition of "exercise" is "all physical activity strenuous enough to make you sweat". Can you tell me if you currently exercise for at least 20 minutes, three times per week?'. An alternative question could be: 'In the past 3 months, how often have you exercised for at least 20 minutes, three times per week?'. Note that this latter question measures past behaviour. In practice, asking about current behaviour most often concerns a retrospective asessment of behaviour until the moment of assessment. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️behavior_73dnt605	Instructions for coding qualitative data for Behavior × Expressions that demonstrate or imply engagement in the target behaviour. The more specific the definition of the target behaviour, the greater the possibility that people partially engage in the target behaviour; i.e. they do not fulfill all behavioural criteria, e.g. when a participant exercises for at least 20 minutes, but not three, but two times per week. How these partial engagements in the target behaviour are to be coded, should be decided a priori. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️behavior_73dnt605	behavior_73dnt605
Behaviour	Definition for Behaviour × An individual’s manifest, observable activities in response to external or internal stimuli. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️behaviour_79n2w1bj	Instructions for developing measurement instruments for Behaviour × The prefered instruments to measure behaviour are observation by trained observers using a valid and reliable reporting protocol and/or the use of technical measures and devices to record and track behaviour during particular events and over time. If these objective measures can not be used, self-report of behaviour assessed by questionniares or interviews are an alternative option. However, one should take into account that these latter instruments by definition measure a subjective representation of behaviour. Moreover, whereas there is general agreement about the definition of a specific behaviour ("running"), this is not the case when asking about a broad behavioural category, such as "exercising". To assess a category of behaviours via self-report, therefore, we must provide a clear definition of the category in question and specify action, target, context, and time. Depending on the nature of the behaviour, engagement in the behaviour can be conceived as binary (i.e. one either does or does not engage in the target behaviour, e.g. getting tested for STIs every six months), a matter of frequency (i.e. one engages in the target behaviour with a frequency from zero up to a given feasible maximum frequency in a given timespan, e.g. the frequency with which one washes their hands conform the guidelines), a matter of intensity (i.e. one engages in the target behaviour to a degree from zero up to a given feasible maximum intensity, e.g. the amount of kilocalories one consumed in a meal), or a combination of these (i.e. one engages in the target behaviour with a given frequency and with a given intensity, e.g. how frequently one drinks alcohol, and how many grams of alcohol one consumes when one does). The instructions for developing a self-report instrument to measure behaviour, logically derive from the foregoing consideration regarding the nature of the behaviour of interest. For example, for a dichotomous response option (yes/no) the question can be formulated in the following way: "Did you get tested for STIs during the last six months?". If the behaviour is a matter of frequency, multiple response options may be given, e.g.: "During the last seven days, how many days did you drink two or more alcoholic drinks?", with response options ranging from 0 to 7. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️behaviour_79n2w1bj	Instructions for coding existing measurement instruments for Behaviour × Instruments that measure observable behaviour. The prefered instruments for this purpose are observation by trained observers using a valid and reliable reporting protocol and/or the use of technical measures and devices to record and track behaviour during particular events and over time. Self-report of behaviour assessed by questionniares or interviews are alternative options. However, one should take into account that these latter methods by definition measure a subjective representation of behaviour. Moreover, whereas there is general agreement about the definition of a specific behaviour ("running"), this is not the case when asking about a broad behavioural category, such as "exercising". To assess a category of behaviours via self-report, therefore, a clear definition of the category in question must be provided, specifying action, target, context, and time. Depending on the nature of the behaviour, engagement in the behaviour can be conceived as binary (i.e. one either does or does not engage in the target behaviour, e.g. getting tested for STIs every six months), a matter of frequency (i.e. one engages in the target behaviour with a frequency from zero up to a given feasible maximum frequency in a given timespan, e.g. the frequency with which one washes their hands conform the guidelines), a matter of intensity (i.e. one engages in the target behaviour to a degree from zero up to a given feasible maximum intensity, e.g. the amount of kilocalories one consumed in a meal), or a combination of these (i.e. one engages in the target behaviour with a given frequency and with a given intensity, e.g. how frequently one drinks alcohol, and how many grams of alcohol one consumes when one does). The composition of self-report instruments to measure behaviour, logically derive from the foregoing consideration regarding the nature of the behaviour of interest. For example, for a dichotomous response option (yes/no) the question can be formulated in the following way: "Did you get tested for STIs during the last six months?". If the behaviour is a matter of frequency, multiple response options may be given, e.g.: "During the last seven days, how many days did you drink two or more alcoholic drinks?", with response options ranging from 0 to 7. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️behaviour_79n2w1bj	Instructions for eliciting construct content for Behaviour × Conduct a qualitative study where participants are interviewed, and the interviews are either recorded and transcribed, or notes are kept. These sources are then coded using the instruction for aspect coding. In this qualitative study, the formulation of the question(s) depends on the nature of the behaviour, i.e. engagement in the behaviour can be conceived as binary (i.e. one either does or does not engage in the target behaviour, e.g. getting tested for STIs every six months), a matter of frequency (i.e. one engages in the target behaviour with a frequency from zero up to a given feasible maximum frequency in a given timespan, e.g. the frequency with which one washes their hands conform the guidelines), a matter of intensity (i.e. one engages in the target behaviour to a degree from zero up to a given feasible maximum intensity, e.g. the amount of kilocalories one consumed in a meal), or a combination of these (i.e. one engages in the target behaviour with a given frequency and with a given intensity, e.g. how frequently one drinks alcohol, and how many grams of alcohol one consumes when one does). If engagement in the behaviour is conceived as binary, the interviewer can ask a question in the following fashion: "Do you you perform BEHAVIOUR X?", "Do you you perform BEHAVIOUR X when at location X?", or "Did you you perform BEHAVIOUR X during period X?". If the interviewer is interested in the frequency the behaviour is performed, he/she can ask a question in the following fashion: "During period X, how many days did you perform BEHAVIOUR X?" or "When you were at location X, how many times did you perform BEHAVIOUR X?". If the intensity of performance of the behaviour is the focus of interest, the interviewer can ask a question in the following fashion: "On the days you performed BEHAVIOUR X during period X, how much/many did you take/consume?" or "On the days you performed BEHAVIOUR X during period X, how long did you engage in BEHAVIOUR X?" If both the frequency and intensity of engagement in the behaviour is of interest, the interviewer can formulate questions in the following way: "During period X, how many days did you perform BEHAVIOUR X and for how long?" or "During period X, how many days did you perform BEHAVIOUR X and how much/many did you take/consume each time?". Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️behaviour_79n2w1bj	Instructions for coding qualitative data for Behaviour × Expressions that demonstrate or imply engagement in the behaviour of interest. These expressions may indicate engagement in the behaviour (yes/no), the frequency the behaviour is performed, the intensity with which the behaviour is performed, or a combination of the foregoing aspects. For example: "I do not drink alcohol", "I only drink alcohol in the weekends", "When going clubbing I drink about 5 tot 6 beers", or "I drink one glass of wine each day with dinner". Expressions that refer to either intentions, willingness, or specific plans to engage in the behaviour should not be coded as dct:behaviour_79n2w1bj, but as, respectively, dct:intention_73dnt604, dct:willingness_79n2fh4w, and dct:action_plan_79n2w1bh Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️behaviour_79n2w1bj	behaviour_79n2w1bj
Financial Literacy	Definition for Financial Literacy × Financial literacy is knowledge and understanding of financial concepts and risks, and the skills, motivation and confidence to apply such knowledge and understanding in order to make effective decisions across a range of financial contexts, to improve the financial well-being of individuals and society, and to enable participation in economic life. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️finLit_OECD_2013_7ytq7yhb	Instructions for developing measurement instruments for Financial Literacy × To measure financial literacy, two instruments are available. The first is known as "the big three" (https://doi.org/hnsh), and the second is known as "the big five" (https://doi.org/ghtn5k). Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️finLit_OECD_2013_7ytq7yhb	Instructions for coding existing measurement instruments for Financial Literacy × Financial literacy as defined here can only be measured by ... or .... This means that measures originating from one of these two measurement instruments are classified as financial literacy as per this definition; and measures originating from any other measurement instrument are not classified as financial literacy as defined here. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️finLit_OECD_2013_7ytq7yhb	Instructions for eliciting construct content for Financial Literacy × Instructions for eliciting construct content have as yet not been developed. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️finLit_OECD_2013_7ytq7yhb	Instructions for coding qualitative data for Financial Literacy × Instructions for coding fragments of qualitative data as being informative as to financial literacy as per the definitions provided here have as yet not been developed. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️finLit_OECD_2013_7ytq7yhb	finLit_OECD_2013_7ytq7yhb
Identified regulation of behaviour	Definition for Identified regulation of behaviour × In identified regulation a person endorses or identifies with the value or importance of a behaviour or health practice. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️identifiedBehaviour_79n2r0t0	Instructions for developing measurement instruments for Identified regulation of behaviour × Use Likert scales that measure the degree to which engagement in the target activity is controlled by identified regulation. The Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) (Guay et al., 2000) is a frequently used self-report instrument to assess identified regulation of behaviour. Beside identified regulation of behaviour, the SIMS assesses intrinsic regulation, external regulation, and amotivation, and is used to assess motivation for various activities (e.g. physical exercise, academic performance). The SIMS asks participants “Why are you currently engaged in this activity?”. Scale items represent potential answers to this question. Responses are given on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from "Does not correspond at all" to "Corresponds exactly". Examples of statements expressing identified regulation of behaviour are: "Because I am doing it for my own good", "Because I think this activity is good for me", and "Because I believe this activity is important for me". Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️identifiedBehaviour_79n2r0t0	Instructions for coding existing measurement instruments for Identified regulation of behaviour × Instruments that measure the degree to which engagement in the target activity is controlled by identified regulation. The Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) (Guay et al., 2000) is a frequently used self-report instrument to assess identified regulation of behaviour. Beside identified regulation of behaviour, the SIMDS assesses intrinsic regulation, external regulation, and amotivation, and is used to assess motivation for various activities (e.g. physical exercise, academic performance). The SIMS asks participants “Why are you currently engaged in this activity?”. Scale items represent potential answers to this question. Responses are given on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from "Does not correspond at all" to "Corresponds exactly". Examples of statements expressing identified regulation of behaviour are: "Because I am doing it for my own good", "Because I think this activity is good for me", and "Because I believe this activity is important for me". Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️identifiedBehaviour_79n2r0t0	Instructions for eliciting construct content for Identified regulation of behaviour × Conduct a qualitative study where participants are interviewed, and the interviews are either recorded and transcribed, or notes are kept. These sources are then coded using the instruction for aspect coding. In this qualitative study, use this question: “Why are you currently engaged in TARGET BEHAVIOUR?” For example: "Why do you currently wear ear plugs at concerts?" or "Why do you currently follow a calorie-restricted diet?" Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️identifiedBehaviour_79n2r0t0	Instructions for coding qualitative data for Identified regulation of behaviour × Expressions that demonstrate or imply that engagement in the target behaviour is controlled by identified regulation, using phrases such as "Because I am doing it for my own good" and "Because I believe this activity is important for me". Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of externally regulated behaviour should be coded as dct:extBehaviour_79n2r0sz. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of introjected regulation of behaviour should be coded as dct:introjBehaviour_79n2r0t0. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of integrated regulation of behaviour should be coded as dct:integratedBehaviour_79n2r0t0. In practice, it can be difficult to distinguish expressions belonging to the four types of extrinsic motivation (external, introjected, identified, and integrated self-regulation). Therefore, a less precise categorization can be made between controlled and autonomous motivation. External and introjected regulation belonging to the first category, and identified and integrated self-regulation belonging to the first category. When this dichotomous categorization of extrinsic motivation is maintained, expressions typical of identified and integrated self-regulation can be grouped together. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of intrinsic regulation of behaviour should be coded as dct:intrinsicBehaviour_79n2r0t0. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the absence of motivation to engage in the target behaviour (i.e. "amotivation") should be coded as dct:motivation_79n2fh4q, and in a supplementary comment scored "0" or "absent". Expressions that refer to the presence of motivation with regard to the target behaviour without specifying the nature of its regulation or expressions that refer to the presence of motivation in general should be coded dct:motivation_79n2fh4q. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️identifiedBehaviour_79n2r0t0	identifiedBehaviour_79n2r0t0
Integrated regulation of behaviour	Definition for Integrated regulation of behaviour × In integrated regulation a person not only values a behaviour, but has also aligned it with other central values and lifestyle patterns. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️integratedBehaviour_79n2r0t0	Instructions for developing measurement instruments for Integrated regulation of behaviour × Use Likert scales that measure the degree to which participants' engagement in the target activity is determined by integrated regulation. Examples of statements expressing integrated regulation of behaviour are: "It is essential to my identity and sense of self", "It is genuinely part of me", "It is consistent with my values, goals and aims in life", and "Doing TARGET BEHAVIOUR and being myself are inseparable". Responses on these items are given on a 4-point scale ranging from "Not true at all" to "Very true". These sample items are form the Integrated regulation (INTEG) scale developed by McLachlan, Spray, and Hagger (2011) which assesses integrated regulation in exercise behaviour. The frequently used Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) (Guay et al., 2000) does not measure integrated (nor introjected) regulation. The SIMS assesses self-reported intrinsic regulation, identified regulation, external regulation, and amotivation, and is used to assess motivation for various activities (e.g. physical exercise, academic performance). In practice, it is difficult to distinguish the four types of extrinsic motivation (external, introjected, identified, and integrated self-regulation) using self-report instruments (i.e. insufficient discriminant validity). Therefore, a less precise categorization can be made between controlled and autonomous motivation. External and introjected regulation belonging to the first category, and identified and integrated self-regulation belonging to the first category. When this dichotomous categorization of extrinsic motivation is maintained, items to assess identified and integrated self-regulation can be grouped together. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️integratedBehaviour_79n2r0t0	Instructions for coding existing measurement instruments for Integrated regulation of behaviour × Instruments that measure the degree to which participants' engagement in the target activity is determined by integrated regulation. Examples of statements expressing integrated regulation of behaviour are: "It is essential to my identity and sense of self", "It is genuinely part of me", "It is consistent with my values, goals and aims in life", and "Doing TARGET BEHAVIOUR and being myself are inseparable". Responses on these items are given on a 4-point scale ranging from "Not true at all" to "Very true". These sample items are form the Integrated regulation (INTEG) scale developed by McLachlan, Spray, and Hagger (2011) which assesses integrated regulation in exercise behaviour. The frequently used Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) (Guay et al., 2000) does not measure integrated (nor introjected) regulation. The SIMS assesses self-reported intrinsic regulation, identified regulation, external regulation, and amotivation, and is used to assess motivation for various activities (e.g. physical exercise, academic performance). In practice, it is difficult to distinguish the four types of extrinsic motivation (external, introjected, identified, and integrated self-regulation) using self-report instruments (i.e. insufficient discriminant validity). Therefore, a less precise categorization can be made between controlled and autonomous motivation. External and introjected regulation belonging to the first category, and identified and integrated self-regulation belonging to the first category. When this dichotomous categorization of extrinsic motivation is maintained, items to assess identified and integrated self-regulation can be grouped together. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️integratedBehaviour_79n2r0t0	Instructions for eliciting construct content for Integrated regulation of behaviour × Conduct a qualitative study where participants are interviewed, and the interviews are either recorded and transcribed, or notes are kept. These sources are then coded using the instruction for aspect coding. In this qualitative study, use this question: “Why are you currently engaged in TARGET BEHAVIOUR?” For example: "Why do you currently wear ear plugs at concerts?" or "Why do you currently follow a calorie-restricted diet?" Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️integratedBehaviour_79n2r0t0	Instructions for coding qualitative data for Integrated regulation of behaviour × Expressions that demonstrate or imply that engagement in the target behaviour is determined by integrated regulation, using phrases such as "It is genuinely part of me", "It is consistent with my values, goals and aims in life", and "Doing TARGET BEHAVIOUR and being myself are inseparable". Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of externally regulated behaviour should be coded as dct:extBehaviour_79n2r0sz. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of identified regulation of behaviour should be coded as dct:identifiedBehaviour_79n2r0t0. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of introjected regulation of behaviour should be coded as dct:introjBehaviour_79n2r0t0. In practice, it can be difficult to distinguish expressions belonging to the four types of extrinsic motivation (external, introjected, identified, and integrated self-regulation). Therefore, a less precise categorization can be made between controlled and autonomous motivation. External and introjected regulation belonging to the first category, and identified and integrated self-regulation belonging to the first category. When this dichotomous categorization of extrinsic motivation is maintained, expressions typical of identified and integrated self-regulation can be grouped together. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of intrinsically regulated behaviour should be coded as dct:intrinsicBehaviour_79n2r0t0. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the absence of motivation to engage in the target behaviour (i.e. "amotivation") should be coded as dct:motivation_79n2fh4q, and in a supplementary comment scored "0" or "absent". Expressions that refer to the presence of motivation with regard to the target behaviour without specifying the nature of its regulation or expressions that refer to the presence of motivation in general should be coded dct:motivation_79n2fh4q. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️integratedBehaviour_79n2r0t0	integratedBehaviour_79n2r0t0
Intrinsic regulation of behaviour	Definition for Intrinsic regulation of behaviour × Behaviour is intrinsically regulated when an activity is driven by inherent satisfactions provided by the activity itself and not by an external positive or negative reward that is contingent upon the completion of the activity. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️intrinsicBehaviour_79n2r0t0	Instructions for developing measurement instruments for Intrinsic regulation of behaviour × The degree to which engagement in the target activity is intrinsically regulated can be assessed by asking participants “Why are you currently engaged in this activity?” and representing a series of items containing potential answers to this question. Responses to each item are given on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from "Does not correspond at all" to "Corresponds exactly". Examples of items expressing intrinsically regulated behaviour are: "Because I think that this activity is interesting", "Because I think that this activity is pleasant", "Because this activity is fun", and "Because I feel good when doing this activity". The procedure and items described here are from the Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) (Guay et al., 2000). Beside items containing statements deemed typical for intrinsically regulated behaviour, the SIMS contains items to assess identified regulation, external regulation, and amotivation. The items belonging to each particular subscale are summed to assess which motivational construct dominates. The SIMS is used to assess motivation for various activities such as physical exercise and academic performance. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️intrinsicBehaviour_79n2r0t0	Instructions for coding existing measurement instruments for Intrinsic regulation of behaviour × Instruments that measure the degree to which engagement in the target activity is intrinsically regulated. The Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) (Guay et al., 2000) is a frequently used self-report instrument to assess whether behaviour is intrinsically regulated. Beside intrinsic regulation of behaviour, the SIMS assesses identified regulation, external regulation, and amotivation, and is used to assess motivation for various activities (e.g. physical exercise, academic performance). The SIMS asks participants “Why are you currently engaged in this activity?”. Scale items represent potential answers to this question. Responses are given on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from "Does not correspond at all" to "Corresponds exactly". Examples of statements expressing intrinsic regulation of behaviour are: "Because I think that this activity is interesting", "Because I think that this activity is pleasant", "Because this activity is fun", and "Because I feel good when doing this activity". Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️intrinsicBehaviour_79n2r0t0	Instructions for eliciting construct content for Intrinsic regulation of behaviour × Conduct a qualitative study where participants are interviewed, and the interviews are either recorded and transcribed, or notes are kept. These sources are then coded using the instruction for aspect coding. In this qualitative study, use this question: “Why are you currently engaged in TARGET BEHAVIOUR?” For example: "Why do you currently wear ear plugs at concerts?" or "Why do you currently follow a calorie-restricted diet?" Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️intrinsicBehaviour_79n2r0t0	Instructions for coding qualitative data for Intrinsic regulation of behaviour × Expressions that demonstrate or imply that engagement in the target behaviour is intrinsically regulated, using phrases such as "Because I think that TARGET BEHAVIOUR is interesting" and "Because I think that TARGET BEHAVIOUR is pleasant". Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of externally regulated behaviour should be coded as dct:extBehaviour_79n2r0sz. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of introjected regulation of behaviour should be coded as dct:introjBehaviour_79n2r0t0. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of identified regulation of behaviour should be coded as dct:identifiedBehaviour_79n2r0t0. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of integrated regulation of behaviour should be coded as dct:integratedBehaviour_79n2r0t0. In practice, it can be difficult to distinguish expressions belonging to the four types of extrinsic motivation (external, introjected, identified, and integrated self-regulation). Therefore, a less precise categorization can be made between controlled and autonomous motivation: external and introjected regulation belonging to the first category, and identified and integrated self-regulation belonging to the first category. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the absence of motivation to engage in the target behaviour (i.e. "amotivation") should be coded as dct:motivation_79n2fh4q, and in a supplementary comment scored "0" or "absent". Expressions that refer to the presence of motivation with regard to the target behaviour without specifying the nature of its regulation or expressions that refer to the presence of motivation in general should be coded dct:motivation_79n2fh4q. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️intrinsicBehaviour_79n2r0t0	intrinsicBehaviour_79n2r0t0
Introjected regulation of behaviour	Definition for Introjected regulation of behaviour × In introjected behaviour the regulation of action has been partially internalized and is energized by factors such as an approval motive, avoidance of shame, contingent self-esteem, and ego-involvements. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️introjBehaviour_79n2r0t0	Instructions for developing measurement instruments for Introjected regulation of behaviour × Use Likert scales that measure the degree to which participants' engagement in the target activity is determined by introjected regulation. Examples of statements expressing introjected regulation of behaviour are: "To show myself that I am an intelligent person", "Because I want to show myself that I can succeed in my studies", and "Because of the fact that when I succeed in school I feel important". Responses on these items are given on a 7-point scale ranging from "Does not correspond at all" to "Corresponds exactly". These sample items are form the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) developed by Vallerand, Blais, Brière, & Pelletier (1989) which assesses motivation in post-secondary students (AMS). The often used Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) (Guay et al., 2000) does not measure introjected (nor integrated) regulation. The SIMS assesses self-reported intrinsic regulation, identified regulation, external regulation, and amotivation, and is used to assess motivation for various activities (e.g. physical exercise, academic performance). In practice, it is difficult to distinguish the four types of extrinsic motivation (external, introjected, identified, and integrated self-regulation) using self-report instruments (i.e. insufficient discriminant validity). Therefore, a less precise categorization can be made between controlled and autonomous motivation. External and introjected regulation belonging to the first category, and identified and integrated self-regulation belonging to the first category. When this dichotomous categorization of extrinsic motivation is maintained, items to assess external and introjected self-regulation can be grouped together. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️introjBehaviour_79n2r0t0	Instructions for coding existing measurement instruments for Introjected regulation of behaviour × Instruments that measure the degree to which engagement in the target activity is determined by introjected regulation. Examples of statements expressing introjected regulation of behaviour are: "To show myself that I am an intelligent person", "Because I want to show myself that I can succeed in my studies", and "Because of the fact that when I succeed in school I feel important". Responses on these items are given on a 7-point scale ranging from "Does not correspond at all" to "Corresponds exactly". These items are form the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) developed by Vallerand, Blais, Brière, & Pelletier (1989) which assesses motivation in post-secondary students (AMS). The often used Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) (Guay et al., 2000) does not measure introjected (nor integrated) regulation. The SIMS assesses self-reported intrinsic regulation, identified regulation, external regulation, and amotivation, and is used to assess motivation for various activities (e.g. physical exercise, academic performance). In practice, it is difficult to distinguish the four types of extrinsic motivation (external, introjected, identified, and integrated self-regulation) using self-report instruments. Therefore, a less precise categorization can be made between controlled and autonomous motivation. External and introjected regulation belonging to the first category, and identified and integrated self-regulation belonging to the first category. When this dichotomous categorization of extrinsic motivation is maintained, items to assessexternal and introjected self-regulation can be grouped together. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️introjBehaviour_79n2r0t0	Instructions for eliciting construct content for Introjected regulation of behaviour × Conduct a qualitative study where participants are interviewed, and the interviews are either recorded and transcribed, or notes are kept. These sources are then coded using the instruction for aspect coding. In this qualitative study, use this question: “Why are you currently engaged in TARGET BEHAVIOUR?” For example: "Why do you currently wear ear plugs at concerts?" or "Why do you currently follow a calorie-restricted diet?" Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️introjBehaviour_79n2r0t0	Instructions for coding qualitative data for Introjected regulation of behaviour × Expressions that demonstrate or imply that engagement in the target behaviour is determined by introjected regulation , using phrases such as "Because I want to show myself that I can succeed in my studies" and "Because of the fact that when I succeed in school I feel important". Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of externally regulated behaviour should be coded as dct:extBehaviour_79n2r0sz. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of identified regulation of behaviour should be coded as dct:identifiedBehaviour_79n2r0t0. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of integrated regulation of behaviour should be coded as dct:integratedBehaviour_79n2r0t0. In practice, it can be difficult to distinguish expressions belonging to the four types of extrinsic motivation (external, introjected, identified, and integrated self-regulation). Therefore, a less precise categorization can be made between controlled and autonomous motivation: external and introjected regulation belonging to the first category, and identified and integrated self-regulation belonging to the first category. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of intrinsically regulated behaviour should be coded as dct:intrinsicBehaviour_79n2r0t0. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the absence of motivation to engage in the target behaviour (i.e. "amotivation") should be coded as dct:motivation_79n2fh4q, and in a supplementary comment scored "0" or "absent". Expressions that refer to the presence of motivation with regard to the target behaviour without specifying the nature of its regulation or expressions that refer to the presence of motivation in general should be coded dct:motivation_79n2fh4q. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️introjBehaviour_79n2r0t0	introjBehaviour_79n2r0t0
Motivation	Definition for Motivation × Motivation is the experience of desire or aversion that instigates, directs, and maintains goal-oriented behaviour, and is energized intrinsically, by internal factors related to the individual, and extrinsically, by external factors acting on the individual. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️motivation_79n2fh4q	Instructions for developing measurement instruments for Motivation × The presence or absence of motivation for engagement in the target behaviour can be measured with the question "Are you motivated to engage in TARGET BEHAVIOUR?" followed by either a dichotomous response option ("yes"/"no") or a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "Very Much" to "Not at all". According to self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985), different types of motivation underlie human behaviour. These different types of motivation may be positioned on a continuum from high to low levels of self-determination, with intrinsic motivation and amotivation at the extreme ends. Instructions for measuring these different categories of motivation (each one with its specific place on the motivation continuum) can be found at their respective dcts, i.e.: dct:intrinsicBehaviour_79n2r0t0, dct:integratedBehaviour_79n2r0t0, dct:identifiedBehaviour_79n2r0t0, dct:introjBehaviour_79n2r0t0, and dct:extBehaviour_79n2r0sz. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️motivation_79n2fh4q	Instructions for coding existing measurement instruments for Motivation × Questions or questionnaires that measure the presence or absence of motivation for engagement in the target behaviour. In its simplest form, this can be measured with the question "Are you motivated to engage in TARGET BEHAVIOUR?" followed by either a dichotomous response option ("yes"/"no") or a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "Very Much" to "Not at all". Definitions and operationalisations of motivation vary greatly across studies. One influential theory on human motivation is self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985). According to this theory, different types of motivation underlie human behaviour. These different types of motivation are positioned on a continuum from high to low levels of self-determination, with intrinsic motivation and amotivation at the extreme ends. The Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) (Guay et al., 2000) is a frequently used self-report instrument to assess which type of motivation dominates for a particular behaviour or activity (see dct:intrinsicBehaviour_79n2r0t0, dct:integratedBehaviour_79n2r0t0, dct:identifiedBehaviour_79n2r0t0, dct:introjBehaviour_79n2r0t0, and dct:extBehaviour_79n2r0sz). Questions that measure specific types of motivation (such as the questions used in the SIMS), and not motivation in general (for engagement in the target behaviour) should not be coded as dct:motivation_79n2fh4q, but should be given the code pertaining to the specific subconstruct measured (e.g. dct:extBehaviour_79n2r0sz). Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️motivation_79n2fh4q	Instructions for eliciting construct content for Motivation × Conduct a qualitative study where participants are interviewed, and the interviews are either recorded and transcribed, or notes are kept. These sources are then coded using the instruction for aspect coding. In this qualitative study, use this question "Are you motivated to engage in TARGET BEHAVIOUR?" For example: "Are you motivated to follow a calorie-restricted diet?" or "Are you motivated to stop smoking?" Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️motivation_79n2fh4q	Instructions for coding qualitative data for Motivation × Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence or absence of motivation to perform the target behavior. For example, using phrases as "I am motivated to follow a calorie-restricted diet" or "I do not have enough motivation to stop smoking" Expressions that demonstrate or imply that engagement in the target behaviour is externally regulated, should be coded as dct:extBehaviour_79n2r0sz. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of introjected regulation of behaviour should be coded as dct:introjBehaviour_79n2r0t0. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of identified regulation of behaviour should be coded as dct:identifiedBehaviour_79n2r0t0. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of integrated regulation of behaviour should be coded as dct:integratedBehaviour_79n2r0t0. Expressions that demonstrate or imply the presence of intrinsically regulated behaviour should be coded as dct:intrinsicBehaviour_79n2r0t0. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️motivation_79n2fh4q	motivation_79n2fh4q
Need satisfaction	Definition for Need satisfaction × An individual's perception whether an activity or situation satisfies an universal human need ( i.e. what is considered essential or necessary for well-being and healthy functioning). Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️need_79n2fh4r	Instructions for developing measurement instruments for Need satisfaction × Numerous self-report instruments exist to measure need satisfaction. These instruments measure the degree needs are satisfied in a particular domain (e.g. work, relationship), the degree needs are satisfied by a particular activity (e.g. a certain type of sports), or they assess need satisfaction in general. Instruments that measure need satisfaction most often assume that humans have universal needs. In particular, Self-Determination Theory (SDT) (Deci & Ryan, 1985) and Maslow's (1968) Hierarchy of Needs have instigated the development of instruments to measure the satisfaction of these universal needs. The Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS) (Gagné et al., 2003) and the Balanced Measure of Psychological Needs (BMPN) (Sheldon et al., 2012) measure needs from a SDT-perspective, while the Basic Need Satisfaction Inventory (BNSI) (Leidy et al., 1994)) adopts Maslow's standpoint on human needs. For behaviour change (e.g. instigating healthy lifestyle choices), measuring general, as well as measuring domain- or activity-specific need satisfaction may have its merits. For example, Timmerman et al. (2001) found that the lower the level of basic need satisfaction, the more likely one is engaged in emotional eating. Need satisfaction at this general level, however, is harder to change than needs being met by specific activities or in a narrow domain. Therefore, instruments pertaining to the latter category are preferably used. Need satisfaction can be asssessed by following a series of four steps: Firstly, depending on the theoretical background one adheres to (e.g. SDT) a list of of universal needs is composed. Secondly, to measure whether these needs are met by the situation or activity of interest, for each of these needs a number of items are used to assess the level of needs satisfaction. Thirdly, the item sumscores for each need, and the overall sumcore of all needs together are calculated. Fourth, the degree individual needs and all need together are satisfied by an activity or situation can be deduced from the two sumscores. Need satisfaction in a particular domain can, for example, be assessed with the following sample items. These sample items pertain to the assessment of need satisfaction at work but (with slight adjustments) could also be used to measure need satisfaction in other domains or concerning specific activities. Participants are asked to indicate how true each statement is for them, with answer option ranging from "Not at all true" to "Very true" on a 7-point Likert scale: "I feel like I can make a lot of inputs to deciding how my job gets done", "People at work care about me", and "Most days I feel a sense of accomplishment from working". These three items reflect what SDT regards as the three basic human needs: autonomy, relatedness, and competence. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️need_79n2fh4r	Instructions for coding existing measurement instruments for Need satisfaction × Numerous self-report instruments exist to measure need satisfaction. These instruments measure the degree needs are satisfied in a particular domain (e.g. work, relationship), the degree needs are satisfied by a particular activity (e.g. a certain type of sports), or they assess need satisfaction in general. Instruments that measure need satisfaction most often assume that humans have universal needs. In particular, Self-Determination Theory (SDT) (Deci & Ryan, 1985) and Maslow's (1968) Hierarchy of Needs have instigated the development of instruments to measure the satisfaction of these universal needs. The Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS) (Gagné et al., 2003) and the Balanced Measure of Psychological Needs (BMPN) (Sheldon et al., 2012) measure needs from a SDT-perspective, while the Basic Need Satisfaction Inventory (BNSI) (Leidy et al., 1994)) adopts Maslow's standpoint on human needs. For behaviour change (e.g. instigating healthy lifestyle choices), measuring general, as well as measuring domain- or activity-specific need satisfaction may have its merits. For example, Timmerman et al. (2001) found that the lower the level of basic need satisfaction, the more likely one is engaged in emotional eating. Need satisfaction at this general level, however, is harder to change than needs being met by specific activities or in a narrow domain. Therefore, instruments pertaining to the latter category are preferably used. Need satisfaction can be asssessed by following a series of four steps: Firstly, depending on the theoretical background one adheres to (e.g. SDT) a list of of universal needs is composed. Secondly, to measure whether these needs are met by the situation or activity of interest, for each of these needs a number of items are used to assess the level of needs satisfaction. Thirdly, the item sumscores for each need, and the overall sumcore of all needs together are calculated. Fourth, the degree individual needs and all need together are satisfied by an activity or situation can be deduced from the two sumscores. Need satisfaction in a particular domain can, for example, be assessed with the following sample items. These sample items pertain to the assessment of need satisfaction at work but (with slight adjustments) could also be used to measure need satisfaction in other domains or concerning specific activities. Participants are asked to indicate how true each statement is for them, with answer option ranging from "Not at all true" to "Very true" on a 7-point Likert scale: "I feel like I can make a lot of inputs to deciding how my job gets done", "People at work care about me", and "Most days I feel a sense of accomplishment from working". These three items reflect what SDT regards as the three basic human needs: autonomy, relatedness, and competence. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️need_79n2fh4r	Instructions for eliciting construct content for Need satisfaction × Conduct a qualitative study where participants are interviewed, and the interviews are either recorded and transcribed, or notes are kept. These sources are then coded using the instruction for aspect coding. In this qualitative study, use the general question: "Do you feel your needs are being met by TARGET ACTIVITY/BEHAVIOUR?"; or use a more narrow question to ask whether a specific universal need is met: "Do you feel you have a connection with the people at work?". The latter question is an example to assess whether "relatedness", one of the universal needs according to SDT, is met. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️need_79n2fh4r	Instructions for coding qualitative data for Need satisfaction × Expressions that demonstrate or imply that needs are satisfied or not satisfied by the activity or behaviour of interest, for example: "I feel like I can make a lot of inputs to deciding how my job gets done", "People at work do not care about me", and "Most days I feel a sense of accomplishment from working". Self-Determination Theory (SDT) (Deci & Ryan, 1985) regards relatedness, autonomy, and competence as the three basic human needs. Therefore, expressions that indicate that autonomy and competence are regarded as important individual needs should be coded as dct:need_79n2fh4r and as, respectively, dct:autonomy_73dnt5zx and dct:capacity_73dnt602. In a similar fashion, other expressions of needs may be given the coding dct:need_79n2fh4r and of another dct, e.g. dct:injunctiveNorms_73dnt5zj, if the participant expresses that approval of people around him/her of his/her behaviour is regarded as an important individual need. Unique Construct Identifier (UCID): ❄️need_79n2fh4r	need_79n2fh4r